Equity in Human Resource Management Essay -- Equity Theory, Need-Hiera

Equity in Human Resource ManagementIntroduction The effective Human Resource Management in an organization requires an special standard set for motivation, job design, reward system and equity. Nowadays, people are more willing to avoid unfair treatment in the workplace than every other aspect. The fundamental concept behind Equity is an attempt to balance what has been put in and taken out at the workplace with a musical note of justice being served. Unconsciously, values are assigned to many various contributions made to the organization, then causing an air of misbalance in the environment. There has always been a disparity in the view on the desirability or the cost effectiveness of policy measures. The importance of equity or reducing discrimination has gained a lot of attention in the labour market (Milkovich, Newman & Ratnam, 2009).HistoryThe importance of Human Resource management is associated with the beginning of mankind. As the knowledge of survival had begun including safety, health, inquisition and gathering, tribal leaders passed on the knowledge to their youth. However more advanced HRM functions were developed as early as 1000 B.C and 2000 B.C. Since the modern management surmise took over, the working environment was transformed into a more friendly and safe work place. The workers were termed as most valuable resources. While some companies took the human spatial relation of employment seriously, there were others who did not find it mandatory. Hence they faced huge labor unions and factory shut downs (Henning, 2001). The first ever corporate employment plane section formed for labor concern was created by the B.F. Goodrich Company during 1900. In the 1960s and 1970s the federal government enforced fair treatment of... ...ir conflicts resolutions and motivations. Some measures which heap help a human resource management department to impart equity would include but not limited to competitive salary, fringe benefits, vocation progression, gender, personal development, promotion etc are few variables which HRM require to look after to keep employees motivated. Through such measures, the companies can reduce the probability of employee dissatisfaction, non compliance with the standards and regulations and hence reduced chances of legal actions.It is essential that if organizations need to keep their employees motivated through managing equity, they are required to constantly monitor their employees through various surveys and research tools. latest techniques emerging from the research may be applied on human resource so that they have direction and motivation for the organization.

celebrity worship :: essays research papers

Everyone has an entertainer that we follow and like, but when does that like of a person become more than that. Is it possible for a person to become obsessed with an case-by-case you dont even know? Unfortunately it is, according to an article entitled A cognitive profile of individuals who tend to theology celebrities, celebrity worship is a form of parasocial interaction in which individuals become obsessed with 1 or more celebrities. This obsession is similar to an erotomanic type of delusional disorder in which the individual believes that another person is passionately in love with them. A classify of psychologist wanted to determine if this obsession/worship of celebrities had any common characteristics amongst the individuals. They conducted several(prenominal) test celebrity attitude scale, intense-personal, and 6 cognitive measures. At the end of these tests they found that people with higher cognitive functioning are better at realizing reality then those with lower fun ctioning.I thought that this group of psychologist that conducted this study did a very good job of randomizing the test to minimize the probability of a systematic order effect. As well as making sure that the groups were well divided and used several measures to arrive to their conclusion. Although a sample sizing of 102 people was used for the testing the group wasnt chosen by random selection. Also the group itself wasnt evenly distributed it contained 81 men with just now 21 women. I dont really understand how they concluded with there test that lower cognitive function was a common mark of celerity worshipers. This statement is too generalized for me it covers a very large range of people of which not all show obsessive behaviors. This study was execute in a good manner but I believe that if they would have increased their selection group (not just a particular group of students) and also balanced out the group sexually them more accurate results.

Aristotelian Intellectual Intuition, Basic Beliefs and Naturalistic Epistemology :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Aristotelian Intellectual Intuition, Basic Beliefs and Naturalistic EpistemologyABSTRACT I kickoff argue that Aristotelian happy intuition (recognizing archai through epagoge and seeing their truth by recognizing their explanatory power through encephalon) generates basic beliefs which are not inferred inductively or deductively from other beliefs. Both involve synthetic intuitive insight. Epagoge grasps a connection and nous sees its general applicability. I next argue that such beliefs are the right way basic by adapting an argument made by Hilary Kornblith. According to Kornblith, the world is rejectively divided into inseparable kinds. We humans perceive the world divided into natural kinds. There is empirical evidence suggesting that we divide the world not only as it is objectively divided, but in making inductive inferences, that is, in inferring that an object will have certain properties on the basis of its having others. This grounds the reliability of (certain) ind uctive inferences. But the leading principles (in Peirces sense) of these inferences are basic beliefs generated through ingenious intuition. Hence intellectual intuition generates certain properly basic beliefs. For Aristotle science is demonstration from first principles. But how does one arrive at these first principles? We get particular instances and record those observations in memory. This material generates a logos, a meaning. (1) This is the process of epagoge which frames or formulates the archai. We recognize that archai are true, we come to believe them, by the operation of nous. by dint of nous we come to recognize the explanatory power of archai. In recognizing this, that the archai are true to the facts, we recognize their truth. Particular experiences suggest a certain arche. But nous lets us see that this arche is the way in which the facts can be understood. (2) But, as Randall emphasizes, nous does not intuit the explanatory power of these archai independently of, or in abstraction from, the facts they explain. Nous does not see the truth of archai by holding them up, in isolation ..., and just staring at them it sees their truth in the subject matter. (3)Does intellectual intuition generate basic beliefs? Experience suggests archai nous grasps their truth by seeing that they explain certain facts. atomic number 18 these archai then inferred beliefs, inferred from the facts they allegedly explain? Are they conclusions of arguments whose premises describe these facts? Aristotle views science as deductive system. The arche of that science would not be deduced from more basic first principles.

Wife of Martin Guerre :: essays research papers

Throughout my travels I had always been mistaken for Martin Guerre, that is how I pass come to be here today. He was always spoken more or less with such respect. A dignified young man, from a well respected tyke family, it was a let down to me that I myself was not a respected man like this Martin. As these occurrences continued to happen I began to wonder about his life, why such a well respected man could leave his wife and son behind, I had been told that he had left his family in Artigues for many years, and they were wait for his return. His father had past on, and the farm was now waiting for their master. I had no place to go and thought that if I am mistaken so many times for martin then maybe I could go to his household, my intentions were not to stay even this long, but only enough to collect some gold and silver. over the last few days I micturate been drawn to the loving and caring nature of this household. Built on strong foundations I have been welcomed sand li ke a triumphant army from a great war. Praised for returning, as if nothing had happened.. The feast that was prepared was like n genius that I had seen before, all they would do was listen to the stories of my travels. This family did not about the eight years that had past, without notice or communication, but relief that the family is complete again.My past has not been one that I have been proud of. I have not been loyal to my family, nor my Kingdom. My family has put a lot of trust in me, but I have let them down, change of location with the wars from town to town. I know it upsets them, and I cannot return to them. I do not want to put some more false hope in their hearts, as I am sure that my past will catch up with me, and again let them down.I am also not one who has abided by the law in the past, committing crimes of theft from many as I pass by, not two weeks ago had I stolen from a man traveling on the same road as I. But since I have come to this caring and loving fam ily, I have seen what I myself have miss and betrayed in my home town.

Eating Disorders: How the Media Have Influenced Their Development In Adolescent Girls :: Free Essays Online

Eating Disorders How the Media Have Influenced Their Development In Adolescent GirlsThe words corrode and boring are usually never found in the same sentence, but leave it to a supermodel to accomplish this task. Bodies reminiscent of the Holocaust clad entirely in a bathing suit, underwear, or a skimpy tank top flood popular fashion magazines today. How many times have you flipped through with(predicate) the pages of your favorite magazine and spotted an article about how women should have a good perception of themselves and how they should celebrate those curves, and then turned the page to find a centerfold makeover section complete with before and after pictures? Mass media serve as a type of normative influence to teens, and those who are high in susceptibility to the medias influence are much less skeptical of advertisements (Mangleburg & Bristol 30). Therefore, it is much more difficult for them to realize that attaining a body like those of the women in the above advertise ments is impossible without developing severely disordered eating habits. In the United States, the conservative estimates indicate that after puberty, 5-10% of girls and women are struggling with eating disorders. That translates to 5-10 one thousand thousand girls and women Out of that 5-10 million, at least 50,000 will die, and thats not including the number of cases not reported due to the shame and secretiveness associated with the disease (EDAP Handout- Basic Facts). Sufferers of eating disorders have admitted that images of skinny models enflamed their condition. In an article titled, War on Waifs, they agreed that they would like to see the fashion industry present a range of sizes in magazines just like you see in the stores (Jedeikin, sec. Responses). Susie Orbach, the therapist who treated the late Princess Diana for her bulimia, has similar thoughts on the controversyEating problems are now at pestilent proportions. There is so much anguish felt by so many women and gi rls of all ages, even in childhood We need to target the regimen industry. If diets worked, we wouldnt need so many of them I will also suggest that it is in the fashion industrys interest to glamourise girls and women in all sizes and shapes, as that is how we really are. Id like to see model agencies and designers setting aside profits for fashion students to promote gorgeous dress in all sizes (Jedeikin, sec. Responses).Until the industry can shift from encouraging people to be a shape which nature never intended them to be, however, the media will preserve to form young peoples view of the world, a world that is apparently populated by only thin girls.

Eating Disorders: How the Media Have Influenced Their Development In Adolescent Girls :: Free Essays Online

Eating Disorders How the Media Have Influenced Their Development In Adolescent GirlsThe words eat and boring are usually never found in the alike(p) sentence, but leave it to a supermodel to accomplish this task. Bodies reminiscent of the Holocaust clad only in a bathing suit, underwear, or a skimpy armored combat vehicle top flood popular fashion magazines today. How many times have you flipped through the pages of your favorite magazine and spotted an article about how women should have a good perception of themselves and how they should celebrate those curves, and then turned the page to find a centerfold makeover section complete with before and after pictures? Mass media action as a type of normative influence to teens, and those who are high in susceptibility to the medias influence are much less skeptical of advertisements (Mangleburg & Bristol 30). Therefore, it is much more difficult for them to realize that attaining a body like those of the women in the above advertise ments is impossible without developing severely disordered eating habits. In the United States, the conservative estimates indicate that after puberty, 5-10% of girls and women are struggling with eating disorders. That trans later(a)s to 5-10 million girls and women Out of that 5-10 million, at least 50,000 will die, and thats not including the frame of cases not reported due to the shame and secretiveness associated with the disease (EDAP Handout- Basic Facts). Sufferers of eating disorders have admitted that images of skinny models enflamed their condition. In an article titled, War on Waifs, they concur that they would like to assimilate the fashion industry present a range of sizes in magazines just like you see in the stores (Jedeikin, sec. Responses). Susie Orbach, the therapist who treated the late Princess Diana for her bulimia, has similar thoughts on the controversyEating problems are now at epidemic proportions. There is so much anguish felt by so many women and girls of all ages, even in childhood We need to target the diet industry. If diets worked, we wouldnt need so many of them I will in like manner suggest that it is in the fashion industrys interest to glamourise girls and women in all sizes and shapes, as that is how we really are. Id like to see model agencies and designers setting aside profits for fashion students to promote gorgeous clothes in all sizes (Jedeikin, sec. Responses).Until the industry can shift from encouraging community to be a shape which nature never intended them to be, however, the media will continue to form young peoples view of the universe of discourse, a world that is apparently populated by only thin girls.

Family, Friends and Fame: Handel’s Roots and First Influences Essay

A composers influence doesnt end within the pages of his composition. It stretches on, to musicians and other famous composers. Georg Frideric Handel is adept famous example. Being a primary influence to many of the most famous composers of all time, such as Beethoven and Mozart, Handel has been angiotensin converting enzyme of the most acclaimed custody in the history of music. The entire English nation, owes him a debt of gratitude because of the masterly way in how he encouraged and command them to assimilate and accept the beauty of the music he created. Even a master such as Handel, though, has simple and humble origins.He encountered obstacles and experiences during his early historic period that climbly cost him and pr hithertoted him from creating the masterpieces he gave the world. some of these came during his early years of being a musician, and stemmed from close relationships. Handel Family Origins Handels roots originally belonged to Breslau, a city in southweste rn Poland, found near the Oder river. For several generations, their family has been coppersmiths. Valentine Handel, the grandfather of the composer, was born in 1582, and in his later years migrated to Halle.Two sons of his fol impoverisheded in the coppersmith trade, but his third son, Georg, became a barber-surgeon instead. Georg married a muliebrity who was the widow of the barber who acted as his mentor. She was 12 years elderly than he. After the death of his wife, he married his second wife, named Dorothea Taust, the daughter of a clergyman. From this marriage, sprung four children, mavin of them destined to become famous for his compositions. Birth and Family Ties On the 23rd of February 1685, Dorothea gave birth to George Frideric Handel, in the Duchy of Magdeburg, found at the Upper Saxony.Halle, the place where he was born, was non a truly attractive place. Travellers unanimously complained of its dusky impression, its sooty buildings, and its crooked narrow, ill-pav ed streets. Nevertheless, Halle was home for the Handels, and this was where George Frideric spent his childhood. Handel had a half-brother and half-sister when he was born, Karl and Sophie Rosine, paying attentionively, and both were already elderer than him. Despite having opposite mothers, Handel maintained a good relationship with his half-siblings.Karl Handel even played an interesting role in a crucial musical hazard involving his progeny personer half brother and his love for music. Relationship With His Parents Even at a new-fashioned age, George Frideric already had great love for music. When he was still a baby, the toys found in his nursery were those that produce musical sounds, including flutes, drums, and trumpets. The first few years, it was amusing, but as he developed, it seemed to become more serious. Handel had intimate, but very different ties with his father and mother.While one urged him to pursue his inspiration of being a musician, the other greatly o pposed it. Georg, the composers father, wanted his child to obtain a proper occupation, and pursue law. He had big ambitions for his male child. When he observed the childs strong propensity for music, he greatly forbade and opposed it, commanding him to impediment away from anything that might steer him towards that profession. He did not understood art, and does not understand the noble part artists play in the world, only seeing them as men of amusement, entertaining the world during idle moments. Music, said he, was an elegant art and a elegant amusement yet if considered as an occupation, it had little dignity, as having for its pillow slip nothing better than mere pleasure and entertainment. He forbade the child to attend the public schools, fearing that he would be drawn nearer to his musical dreams. The child was in any case forbidden to visit places where he can hear music. The musical instruments found in the house were also banished. Despite his fathers harshness to wards the dream he loved so untold, the child persisted.He knew music was his calling, and even if he knew he was going against his fathers wishes and putting himself in hazard of being caught, he found ways. He would manage to lay hands on a dumb spinet or a clavicord, hiding it in a garret. Usually, these were given to him by his mother or godmother, a woman named Anna. At night, when the whole house is asleep, he would sneak out and tinker and play with the instrument. These hidden, stolen moments allowed the young man proper concentration, leading to better understanding of music, and therefore, paving way to greatness.Dorothea, Handels mother, was filled with love and ambition for her child. While her husband opposed the low dignified profession, she silently encouraged him to pursue it. Even when he died, Dorothea and her sons relationship were as warm and devoted to each other, drawing ability from faith. Along with her, Handels dickens sisters also showered him with love and affection. This influence is perhaps the reason why the composer worked with women as singers, and became knowledge equal in the ways of women.Sometimes a mixed blessing, he seemed to have thought, but an opportunity and professional relationship most men did not have in that time. The Incident at the Dukes Palace Another interesting incident in Handels childhood also played a crucial factor in his ambition to be a man of music. When his father was to visit Karl, the son from his former marriage, the seven year old George pleaded to be taken with him, even following the coach on foot when his father refused to take him with it. Eventually, the father agreed.When they arrived at the Duke of Saxe-Weisen demesnes Palace, where the son was a valet-de-chambre, the child wandered off, and started tinkering with the church organ, unable to resist it. The Duke heard the music, asked questions, and the child was brought to him. He asked the boy to play. The royalty recognized the child s talent and addressed his father telling him that it was a sort of crime against humanity to stifle so ofttimes genius in its birth. The father conceded, and swore to respect the vocation. Handel was grateful to the Duke for his good advice to his father.In his later years, he even regarded the Duke as his benefactor. When they returned to Halle, his father allowed the child to be taught by Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow, the Liebfrauenkirches organist and also permitted him to continue his school work. For the next five years, Handel acted as an assistant for Zachow, and finally got his first formal training in the field of music. Following His Fathers Wish Handels father ruled him with an iron grip, and even if he allowed the child to practice his ambition of being a musician, he still wished for him to continue a career in law.On February 11, 1967, the composers father died in his sleep, perhaps of old age. He left bunghole his widow, two daughters and son, who was then barely 12 ye ars old. Handel became them the man of the household, and was forced into an adult world at a tender age. Five years aft(prenominal) his fathers death, February 1702, he entered the University of Halle, as a student of law or Studiosus Juris. This career choice, however, was not meant to last long. In July 1703, the eighteen year old Handel moved to Hamburg, where he took a job in the theater as a violon di ripieno.Without his father keeping an eye on him, he was able to date his home and his family, and become a musician. Friendship with Georg Philipp Telemann Handel was not the only musician who was imprisoned in his deceased fathers dreams of studying law. Another young man by the name of Georg Philipp Telemann was also in the same plight, unsure of his plans of studying law. His mother was insisting that he give up his dreams of music, in respect to his deceased fathers dreams for him. Telemann was born at Magdeburg in 1681, and was four years older than Handel.When they met, he was reluctantly traveling to the University of Leipzig to pursue law. Telemann says that while with Handel, he imbibed so much of the strong poison of music as to nearly overset all his resolutions. Handels enthusiasm for the profession influenced the other man so much, that he became tempted to go against what her mother wanted. However, Telemanns mothers wishes prevailed. Fortunately for him, a friend discovered one of his psalms and presented it to a burgomaster, who declared it a fine harmony and inquired about the composer.He was employed to compose something for the church, and was given compensation. When he sent word to his mother (who was then supporting his finances) about this, he was able to prove to her that the profession she had been unfavorable to, yields good results and steady income after all. She finally gave him her blessing to pursue his dream. Handel and Telemann then renewed their friendship, corresponding regularly and meeting practically with each other . One composers influence upon another is always extraordinary, as seen in Handel and Telemann. Like, their music, their friendship lasted a lifetime.They exchanged advice and encouragement, giving one another the much needed push to pursue the profession they both love. Meeting Johann Mattheson When Handel moved to Hamburg in 1703, one of the first people he made friends with was Johann Mattheson, a composer, theoretician and singer. Despite Matthesons young age, he had also become one of the most influential men in Hamburg. Like Telemann, he was four years older than Handel. Mattheson was gifted, but vain. Nevertheless, Handel was eternally grateful to Mattheson, because the latter introduced him to the musical life in the new place he was in.Mattheson recounts that the first time he met Handel, the young man was strong at the organ, stronger than Kuhnau in fugue and counterpoint, especially es tempore, but he knew very little about melody. Mattheson helped Handel pursue his dream s, even introducing him to the English ambassador Sir Cyril Wyche. Their family music was assiduously cultivated, and here, Handel was able to get engagements and students. They worked at the opera together, and also went to social excursions and musicals, despite numerous controversies that surrounded their friendship.They also traveled to Lubeck together, to contest each other for the post of the organist at the Marienkirche, to succeed Dietrich Buxtenhude, who was about to retire. They both withdrew, though, upon learning that Buxtenhude wanted the successor to marry his daughter. During the time they spent together, the two became very good friends and inseparable companions. All good friends have their disagreements, and so did these two fervent individuals. Their personalities, fueled by the same music, can be very different at times, and often became the result of conflict.In the marketplace, in front of a large crowd, they fought with swords after a quarrel while conducting Cleopatra, Matthesons opera. The contract ended when a metal button on Handels coat broke Matthesons sword. Perhaps, they both realized the stupidity of their actions. Hence, the two musicians resolved the issue, buried the hatchet, and emerged better friends than ever. During his stay in Hamburg, Handel was able to produce a cantata on the Passion, four operas and several minor compositions.These, and the exposure and experience from this place would not have been possible, if not for the guidance and help of his good friend and colleague Johann Mattheson. Concluding A Life Of Music George Frideric Handel died on April 14, 1759, peacefully in his sleep. He left behind a lifes worth of compositions, the most acclaimed and famous one being the Messiah. If a study on his operas and hammy works was made, people will discover a Handel thats very unknown a composer with an unparalleled sense for dramatic human character.Perhaps, majority of it came from a life of experiences, but a tr emendous part of it came from the people closest to him. His family origins and closest friends influenced him, in such a way that he emerged as one of the most famous and celebrated composers in the world. References Bray, Anna Eliza. (1857). Handel His Life, Personal and Professional. Harvard University. Dent, Edward Joseph. (2007). Handel. BiblioBazaar, LLC. Harris, Ellen T. (2001). Handel As Orpheus Voice And Desire In The Chamber Cantatas. Harvard University Press. Hogwood, Christopher. (2005). Handel Water Music and Music for The Royal Fireworks. Cambridge UniversityPress. Lang, capital of Minnesota Henry. (1996). George Frideric Handel. Courier Dove Publications. Sadie, Stanley & Hicks, Anthony. (1987). Handel Tercentenary Collection. Boydell and Brewer. Schoelcher, Victor. (1857). The Life of Handel. Oxford University. Streatfield, R. A. (2005). Handel. Kessinger Publishing. Van Til, Marian. (2007). George Frideric Handel A Music Lovers Guide to His Life, His Faith and the D evelopment of Messiah and His Other Oratorios. WordPower Publishing. Vaughan, Robert, & Allon, Henry. (1862). The British Quarterly Review. Hodder and Stoughton. Williams, Charles Francis Abdy. (2008). Handel. BiblioBazaar, LLC.

Bolster Electronics: Dealing With Dealer Demands

Northern Alberta, the oil sands development area surrounding stronghold McMurray, is the fastest growing economic area in Canada for several years. Obviously Bolsters total commercialise voice in this area was the highest with single triplet of the total market share it held national wide. Vickers based in Edmonton, Alberta covered 50% of the local market share and 75% of servicing in that area in spite having a national distributor, National Electronics (National). Also local firms preferred to do business with Vickers than National which has their nearest warehouse in Calgary, Sothern Alberta around 750 Km from Fort McMurray. (Exhibit 1) Neither Bolster nor National had a video system design group in northern Alberta.Since one third of the total market share is concentrated in northern Alberta, it is imperative to have a system design team there. If non it leads to a wide potential loss because there are contestations among the top 4 players who have 15% of the market sha re each. The management tried to convince National to form in northern Alberta in 2007 but it went vain. At the same time Vickers was well established in northern Alberta, its main office, warehouse and engineering team are in Edmonton with a warehouse and sales team in the proposed oil sands area of Fort McMurray which is a six hours drive from Edmonton.Vickers is in the business for the past 20 years and their salespersons were highly trained and serviced the northern Alberta more effectively than national distributors. This is what the customer exactly wants in terms of corking track record and service support in addition to lowest price. They also proved as an effective dealer by taking right of warehouse, inventory storage, engineering expertise and services, relationship with local dealers and end-users, and increasing the Bolsters business in their area. Hence they requested Bolster a break in pricing discount and wanted to be named as distributor.However the major conce rn for the management is that if a local dealer was given a distributorship it may send packing relationship with their national distributors as it does in 2004 when Albright Industries was given a distributorship in order to make up theshortfall of 7% drop in market share and to provide growth in Quebec. Fortunately, last time Nationals dissatisfaction disappeared in a long run since they are not competing for the same market.National doesnt take any leap in past 5 years in doing business in northern Alberta though it was informed about the great potential of increasing market share. It seems National is not interested in increasing his presence in northern Alberta. Because of technological advancement and increased competition from three other major players it was difficult for Bolster to maintain an overall gross margin of 40% of factory price. In the current scenario if Bolster gives a distributorship to Vickers, it testament unless affect the financial stability of the comp any.Though it has a potential to increasing the market share over 90%, if they got distributors discount. It will also change the entire distribution channel (a network through which goods moves from the manufacturer to end-users). The distribution cost of each channel plays a major section in selecting the options (Financial Analysis if possible) Customer service is a major issue since industrial video equipment are normally used in harsh environments.So the distributors or dealers should work faster if there was a production stoppage because of the failure of the video equipment for end-users. Since Bolster is more focused on technological development the province lies with the distributors and the dealers. Though Vickers doubled its trained sales team to four, it is not enough to manage the vast area if it was given a distributorship. Even hiring a sales team seems difficult since compensation for the sales team was competitive in the industry.THE PROBLEM STATEMENTHow to handle the Vickers request of distributorship such that it has minimum negative consequences?OPTIONS1. Giving territorial reserve Distributorship to Vickers 2. Giving National Distributorship to Vickers 3. Leave it as a Territorial Dealership 4. Giving only Distributors Discount but not DistributorshipCRITERIA FOR EVALUATION1. consanguinity with Distributors and Dealers 2. Financial Implications 3. Market Share 4. Customer Satisfaction (Services)EVALUATION OF OPTIONSOption 1 Giving Territorial Distributorship to Vickers If Vickers and National didnt compete for the same market, then it will not create much dissatisfaction among the management, Vickers and National as it was in 2004, when Albright was given distributorship. If Vickers was given distributorship, Bolster has to give a price discount of 10% it will further deteriorate the financial positioning of Bolster.It is imperative to increase the market share in northern Alberta, since it has a potential of one third of the total mark et share. Since neither Bolster nor National have the presence in northern Alberta, it is wise to give a distributorship to Victors such that they can capture the 90% of the market share in there. It also helps to improve the customer services extended to the end users, since they have a presence.Option 2 Giving National Distributorship to Vickers If Vickers was given a National Distributorship, it will obviously deteriorate relationship with National because in a long run they are going to compete for the same market.

Persuasive memo Essay

My name is Darrell Pace and I am requesting to continue research for the implementation of a Spanish curriculum in the Professional Academy sidereal day School. The proposed research impart greatly impact our students, p arents, and faculty because the world is becoming increasingly interconnected. Parents are turning to language immersion programs for their toddlers and pre shoalers. Some are move by the desire to preserve family heritage and culture.Others see early language instruction as a way to provide their children with the academic and cognitive advantages. It is truly important for the Professional Academy Day School to accommodate the interest of our parents who entrust their children to us, to teach them skills that are beneficial now and in the future. When we glumer the children in our day school the very best curriculum, it enhances our credibility among our competition and the community.According to the article by Stephanie Meade, 7 benefits of Raising Bilingual Kids, it shows that bilingual children have the chase advantages over that of monolingual students Bilingual children have a better ability to focus and ignore distractions in the environment Bilingual kids can switch from cardinal activity to another faster and are better at multitasking. Bilinguals have increased mental flexibility and creativity.Bilingual children in dual-immersion schools have been shown in wiz study to score higher on both verbal and math standardized test conducted in English Bilingual children display stronger logic skills and are better equipped at solving mental puzzles Being bilingual carries over throughout life as it alters brain chemistry and starving off the onset of Alzheimers. After learning two languages, it makes it more apt for learning a third languageThe advantages of a child being immersed into a school that offers dual languages cannot be ignored nor taken lightly when the demographics toward Spanish speaking cultures have more than doubled over the last ten years here in our state of Texas. Our school will be behind the curve if we dont react now and research the necessary curriculum that will be the most effective among our students in the classroom. In the article, Preschool Curriculum Whats in it for Children and Teachers written by The Albert Shanker Institute, children learn language when it is presented in meaningful contexts.A strong curriculum teaches vocabulary during studies of interesting content. This strategy which we have found through our research provides repeated exposure to new words and teaches children the words they choose to represent the new ideas and concepts that they are learning. Our research will prove that the proper Spanish curriculum produces success in math, science, literacy, social studies and the arts. Language is the foundation for childrens learning, and the pre-k years are a crucial time for Spanish language development. The research on Spanish curriculum in Pre-k and kindergar ten classes is timely and it is of substantial vastness to the future of learning at the Professional Academy Day School.

Speech Outline on Organic Food

Choosing radical By Kayla Ray Informative Speech SC105 T Th 330 Mrs. Becker March 4, 2013 command Purpose To inform Specific Purpose I want my audience to understand the importance of purchasing and overwhelming organic nutrition. Thesis Choosing to buy and study organic food is a smart and healthy choice for you and your family. Formal Outline of Speech Introduction I. The way we eat has changed to a greater extent in the persist 50 forms than in the previous 10,000. Food activist, Michael Pollan, makes this statement as the introduction to a documentary titled Food Inc. which discusses the way food is beingness produced today in America. A. Now, there ar many choices that can be make when trying to eat healthy. 1. Eating the recommended amount of calories, eating many fruits and vegetables, get a sandwich from subway instead of getting a hamburger from McDonalds, or drinking water instead of soda. 2. These can whole be secure decisions, but is it beneficial if it is no t organic? Of course it can be, but is it as beneficial? II. Eating organic food can do things for your tree trunk that non organic food cannot do. A. After watching the documentary, Food Inc. I was shocked to find out how our food is being produced and handled in America. 1. Is the process of how our food is made something we need to recognize? 2. Is it better for our food to be brought up naturally by hard working farmers rather than being abused, pumped up with horm mavin and only(a)s and alter with many other chemicals? 3. The answer to these questions should potentially be yes. B. Non organic food is not only less beneficial to eat, but has the potential to harm our families. III. Thesis Choosing to purchase and consume organic food is a smart and healthy choice for you and your family.IV. Preview Im now going to inform you of how the importance of purchasing and consuming organic food relates to separately and every one of us and can improve our quality of life. (Transiti on) First, lets establish exactly what organic means. tree trunk I. positive food is different than other food in many ways. A. According to the first nationally certified organic grocer in the U. S. , consentaneous Foods Market, extreme agriculture is a production method that emphasizes the use of renewable resources and the conservation of soil and water to enhance environmental quality. 1. When growing organic produce food is rotated in such a way to keep soil rich in nutrients and optimal for supporting many years of growth and keep optimal amounts of micronutrients and minerals. 2. When raising organic livestock the animals eat food thats free of antibiotics, growth hormones, drugs, chemicals and pesticides. They also tend to be free-range which means all year long, the livestock are allowed outside and have the option of going inside if they wish. This allows animals to get exercise and sportsmanlike air, and live a more natural existenceB. In an article titled, Whats S o Great About Organic Food, Jeffrey Kluger states, Organic foods of all kinds currently represent only about 3% of the total American market, according to the most recent numbers from the U. S. Department of Agriculture, but its a sector we all should be supporting more. 1. And its projected that the numbers pass on just continue to increase simply because people are becoming more aware of the dangers and effects non-organic food can have on you and your family. Transition) Now, we all know how important fruits and veggies are in your diet, but how healthy can they be if they are filled with chemicals? II. Well, Organic food doesnt contain chemicals. A. Whole Foods Market describes agricultural management practices as farming that promotes healthy eco- ashess and prohibits the use of genetically engineered seeds or crops, sewage sludge, long-lasting pesticides, herbicides or fungicides. B. Some of the most ordinary fruits and vegetables contain the highest amount of pesticides. . There are no seasons in the American supermarket, says Michael Pollan, now there are tomatoes all year round, grown halfway just about the world, picked when it was green, and ripened with ethylene gas. Although it looks like a tomato, its kind of a notional tomato. I mean, its the idea of a tomato. a. For example, we can take a look at these red grapefruit where one is organic and the other is not. b. We can see that the organic fruit is actually red, whereas the non-organic is discolored.This is the case because the grapefruit on the left was naturally ripened and the grapefruit on the right was most likely gassed with many chemicals in order to ripen. 2. According to Whatsonmyfood. org, 88 million pounds of pesticides are applied from each one and every year in the U. S. Thats nearly 3 pounds per person a. Also, they state that an average American child gets five or more servings of pesticide residues in their food and water every day i. If I could help it I wouldnt want my kid s even being around that and I definitely wouldnt want them to be ingesting it. Transition) Now, lets take a look at livestock because another important part of our diet is beef and poultry. III. Organic animals are raised in a way that is natural. A. Whole Foods Market describes livestock management as practices that promote healthy, humanely treated animals by providing organically-grown feed, fresh air and outdoor access while using no antibiotics or added growth hormones. B. There are obvious differences in organic and non-organic chicken. 1. Such as the organic yolks being a much brighter yellow signifying that the chicken is eating greens and bugs instead of being corn fed. . This also leads to significantly higher nutrients that are present in the yolk. 2. To add to that, we can look at the picture of the two whole chickens. Which one would you choose? a. Notice the extreme size of the one on the left due to growth hormones and corn feed. b. Then notice the thick layer of yel lowish fat covering the skin. GROSS C. still the biggest issue is what we find is in our beef. Many diseases are found in non-organic beef simply because cows are not evolved to digest corn. As Michael Pollan states in an interview on www. pbs. rg, as soon as you introduce corn, the animal is liable to get sick. You start giving them antibiotics, because as soon as you give them corn, youve disturbed their digestion, and theyre apt to get sick, so you then have to give them drugs. Thats how you get in this whole cycle of drugs and meat. 1. In the documentary, Food Inc. , they tell a story about a boy named Kevin. a. According to Kevins story, published on www. foodborneillness. org, Kevin had eaten three hamburgers in the week prior to his illness and died twelve years later from E. oli O157H7. He was only 2 years, 8 months and 1 day old. b. Also stated in the article written by Kevins mom, Barbara Kowalcyk, each year in the United States, thousands of Americans suffer and die fro m preventable foodborne illness just like Kevin. 2. If we look to my images, we can easily see how much more lean and healthy the organic meat looks compared to the non-organic. a. Grass fed beef contains less total fat and calories, 2-6 times more heart healthy zee 3 fatty acids, and more antioxidant vitamins. i. All for the betterment of your health Transition) These differences in organic and non-organic foods are affecting us greatly in every one of our lives and should definitely be considered. Conclusion I. As I have explain to you here today, choosing organic is a smart and healthy way to greatly return you and your family. A. Organic produce and livestock naturally have more nutrients and even though it all many cost a little extra it leave make you healthier in the long run and prevent you from becoming sick. 1. This will even out the cost and actually possibly save you bills II. The demand for organic food is growing more and more every day.When you buy organic you are voting for a better food system in America. A. As Troy Roush, Vice President of the American Corn Growers Association, puts it, People have got to start demanding good, wholesome food of us, and well deliver. Bibliography Food, Inc. Dir. Robert Kenner. Perf. Michael Pollan, Troy Roush. Documentary, 2008. Film. Frontline Modern centerfield Interview Michael Pollan. PBS. PBS, n. d. Web. 09 Mar. 2013. . Kluger, Jeffrey. Whats So Great About Organic Food?. Time 176. 9 (2010) 30-40.Academic Search Complete. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. Kowalcyk, Barbara. Kevins Story. Kevins Story. Center for Foodborne Lllness Research and Prevention, 2008. Web. 09 Mar. 2013. http//www. foodborneillness. org/leadership/140- kevins-story. html. Organic Food What Does Organic Mean? Organic Food Whole Foods Market. Whole Foods Market, 2013. Web. 09 Mar. 2013. http//www. wholefoodsmarket. com/about-our- products/organic-food. Pesticides A Public Problem. Whats On My Food? Pesticide Action Network wedlock Ameri ca, 2010. Web. 09 Mar. 2013. http//www. whatsonmyfood. org/index. jsp.

Critically analyse the ways in which the personalisation agenda might impact on the protection of vulnerable adults.

Abstract Personalisation has been described as a cornerstone of the modernization of public services (Department of Health, 2008 4) however there has been much discussion as to how this impacts upon the bulwark of insecure adults. Thus, it seems as though the current practices employed by kindly workers result have to be adapted in order to integrate personalisation into their agendas. This is liable(predicate) to prove highly complex given the conflictions that ar belike to arise. This study leave thus discuss such difficulties in more detail.IntroductionThe ways in which the personalisation agenda might impact on the rampart of open adults will be critic aloney discussed in order to consider the difficulties that are liable(predicate) to be associated with personalisation. This will be done by foremost looking at social work practice implications, ethics and values. This will allow a determination to be made as to whether changes to such practices will need to be made . The effect personalisation has on anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory practices will then be discussed followed by a review of the current HCPC standards, legislation policy and counsel. Once all of the applicable information has been gathered a conclusion will then be drawn. kindly Work Practice Implications, Ethics and ValuesIn modify social care standards in England, the Government published the personalisation agenda in their Putting People First (Department of Health, 2007 1) report. This is a shared commitment and vision that seeks to see to it all adults can have command over their own lives and thus live independently. This is likely to have a significant impact on the protection of open adults since the main objective of the report was to ensure vulnerable adults have the better(p) quality of life. It was also made clear that the quality of independent erect is fundamental to a socially just society (Department of Health, 2007 2). A Local Authority circular Tr ansforming Social Care (Department of Health, 2009 4) strengthened this vision further by placing additional responsibilities on Local Authorities. Accordingly, it was noted in the circular that Local Authorities must take a more pro-active role when dealing with vulnerable adults and that they must make applicable steps towards re-shaping their adult social care services, which was also supported by the Secretary of State for Health (Lansley, 2010 5).In foulness of such governments policies, it is questionable whether vulnerable adults will be better safeguarded since there appears to be little guidance into how this agenda sits alongside that of personalisation in practice (IPC, 2010 3). In addition, it has been argued that both personalisation and the protection of vulnerable adults, although share the same end goals, their approaches actually conflict (Gray and Birrell, 2013 207). Thus, personalisation is generally active enabling various(prenominal)s to live their own lives, whilst the safeguarding of vulnerable adults is about ensuring the safety of such individuals by conforming to a set of policies and procedures that have been created specifically for this purpose. Arguably, by giving vulnerable adults the ability to control their own lives is likely to undermine the safeguarding principles that currently exist. This carries a significant risk since vulnerable adults may not actually have the ability to take control, and this may subsequently stag them to harm and impact the protection that they are to be afforded. Whilst personalisation encourages independence, safeguarding is about acting on behalf of vulnerable adults.Personalisation and Anti-oppressive and Anti-discriminatory PracticesIt remains to be seen how personalisation can be implemented, whilst ensuring that the protection of vulnerable adults is maintained, yet noted by Carr (2010 2) The goal is to get the balance right, moving away from being risk averse while still having appropriat e compliments for safeguarding issues. It is questionable whether a balance is easy to acquire since personalisation is all about reducing the levels of control Local Authorities place upon vulnerable adults, yet high levels of control are needed to protect such adults from harm. This can be extremely difficult for social workers who must employ anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory practices by developing an understand of structural inequalities so that they can be pro-active in their work with vulnerable adults (Hopton, 2012 47). As personalisation is contrary to this, problems are likely to arise since social workers are take to develop creative ways of working by a critical, politicised and geographical view of our culturally plural society (Gardner, 2011 30). This is much more difficult to achieve when adopting the personalisation agenda as social workers are use upd to take a step back and allow vulnerable adults to take control.HCPC standards, legislation policy and g uidanceThe current HCPC standards that are beard of social workers are also likely to conflict with the personalisation agenda since social workers are required to act in the best interests of their service users (HCPC, 2012 3). Accordingly, enabling vulnerable adults to live independently may not be acting in their best interests as certain individuals will require constant supervision and will need the help and support from social workers. Hence, even if it appears as though a person is capable of taking control of their own life, this may not always be the study and so it is important that social workers continue to take a pro-active role in the lives of vulnerable adults. Thus, under the No Secrets ( prominent Protection) guidance managers with the responsibility of overseeing and supervising the investigation of, and response to, adult maltreatment are required to ensure that all appropriate agencies are involved in the investigation and the provision of support, and that go od standards of practices are maintained (Department of Health, 2000 16). However, personalisation is likely to have an impact on such responsibilities as it will require a change in the way welfare services are being delivered and the ways vulnerable adults are being supervised.Direct Payments, Exploitation and Fairer Charges As personalisation allows the individual to have a greater choice, the government will have less control over individual budgets. Accordingly, those in need of care will thus have a choice whether to accept direct payments in order to purchase their own social care services or allow local authorities to arrange their care (MNDA, 2010 2). Whilst it has been said that this new approach helps those in need of care to attain a program suited to their individual needs (Age UK, 2013 1), this can actually have dangerous consequences. This is because the service user may be at risk of abuse and exploitation by family members and unprincipled carers (8). However, pro vided that this risk can be managed appropriately it has been said that the personalisation agenda may actually provide individuals with a fairer charging system (Duffy, 2011 4). However, this will not be the case for everyone and whilst some individuals may end up with a better deal, others may be expected to meet the costs of their care themselves. Arguably, whilst this system is workable in meeting the needs of certain individuals, it may actually penalise others. In addition, as put by (The Policy Press, 2011 96) it increases the costs of disability, encourages institutionalisation and works against independent dungeon and person-centred support. This is not what was intended by the establishment of the personalisation agenda and unless these inherent risks can be managed, it is likely that vulnerable adults will suffer. Conclusion Overall, it is evident that the personalisation agenda is likely to have a significant impact upon the ways in which vulnerable adults are likely to be protected in the future. This is because, the main objectives of personalisation are to change vulnerable adults to take control of their own lives and live independently. This agenda, nevertheless, conflicts with the current practices that are being adopted by social workers in protecting vulnerable adults and as a result of this many changes are likely to be required. Whilst it is clear that a balance needs to be struck, it is likely that this will prove extremely complex when trying to put this into practice. Yet, it remains to be seen, if any, what measure will be taken by social workers in ensuring that the personalisation agenda is being employed, whilst at the same time maintaining the protection of vulnerable adults.References Age UK. (2013) Personal Budgets More control over Your Care, Online, operable http//www.ageuk.org.uk/home-and-care/help-at-home/self-directed-support/ 13 January 2014.Carr, S. (2010) SCIE Report Enabling risk, ensuring safety Self-directed suppo rt and personal budgets Enabling Risk and Personal Budgets, Social Care Institute for Excellence.Department of Health. (2000) No Secrets Guidance on developing and implementing multi-agency policies and procedures to protect vulnerable adults from abuse Home Office.Department of Health. (2007) Putting People First A shared vision and commitment to the transformation of Adult Social Care HM Government. Online, Available http//www.cpa.org.uk/cpa/putting_people_first.pdf 10 January 2014.Department of Health (2009) Transforming Adult Social Care Local Authority Circular.Duffy, S. (2011) A Fair Society and the Limits of Personalisation. Sheffield Centre for Welfare Reform.Gardner, A. (2011) Personalisation in Social Work, SAGE, Social Science.Gray, A. M. and Birrell, D. (2013) Transforming Adult Social Care, The Policy Press.HCPC. (2012) Standards of Conduct, Performance and Ethics Health & Care Professions Council, Your duties as a registrant, Online, Available http//www.hpc-uk.org/as sets/documents/10003B6EStandardsofconduct,performanceandethics.pdf 10 January 2014.Hopton. J. (2012) Anti-discriminatory practice and anti-oppressive practice A radix humanist psychology perspective Critical Social Policy, volume 17, no. 52.IPC. (2010) Safeguarding vulnerable adults through better commissioning A Discussion Paper for Commissioners of Adult Social Care, Institute of Public Care.Lansley, A. (2010) Speech to the 5th International Carers Conference The Royal Armouries, Leeds.MNDA. (2010) Direct Payments and Personalisation, development Sheet No 22B, Online, Available http//www.mndassociation.org/Resources/MNDA/Life%20with%20MND/Information%20sheet%2022B%20-%20Direct%20payments%20and%20personalisation.pdf 13 January 2014.The Policy Press. (2011) Supporting People Towards a Person-centred Approach, Social Science.

My aim in life Essay

The mere act of look ating at something big makes you big. (Jawaharlal Nehru) Bestowing humans with life and sending him on kingdom to live is fully justified. This all has been d maven for a specific reason. Idealizing his purpose and endeavoring to objectify it into reality is the real pinnacle/ culmination of human being. A man without an motor is like a rudderless ship in stormy sea a vagabond wandering/rambling in streets with no accompaniment direction to follow. To give ones life a defined pattern and to enjoy it in its full bloom, one must have an aim in his life. Aim simply means an ambition or a desire for ones future which helps him keeping attention focused on particular target. In this avaricious and money-oriented world, everyone enjoys a materialistic life and lives for an aim that proves to be a financial boost as well. That is the reason why close to of the people gaze to become a doctor, engineer or a businessman. But I dream of becoming a techer.Though teach ers are very ill-paid in our association, I want to adopt this profession on completely spiritual basis. Teaching, being the work of prophets and saints, is also a subject of my religious inclination. I always go to bed to wonder teaching a number of students the principles of justice and fair play, epitomizing them in a particular skill and nurturing their fledgling ideas into veteran moods. I want to bring in in the society by providing it with minds having innovative ideas, high objectives and good moral values an assemblage that will steer the sinking boat of our country done the winding river to a heavenly abode. Becoming a teacher would be a way to do that. I want to inculcate the sense of brilliance of talent in the brooding minds with which they can do something exemplary.I want to be the guiding star showing the right path to the passengers lost in the pitchy darkness. I wish to open new horizons to/on the coming generation so that they may learn something new beyond t he world of books so that they may learn seeking answers themselves, something learned not by reading but by experiencing/practicing. For this, I would have to be a paragon of the apothegm of F.W. Robertson The true aim of everyone who aspires to be a teacher should be not to impart his own opinions but to kindle minds. Savoring that wonderful sensation when one of your students gets a feather in the cap experiencing the love of hundreds of adolescents tackling with their pure mischiefs and lifting themup to rule the sky, are those experiences only a teacher can have. Our country is direly wanting true teachers.It needs educators, mentors, reformers, guides and moralists as teachers. I would like to develop all these characteristic capabilities among my pupil so that they may serve the society in the surpass possible way. Becoming a doctor, I would be treating patients only Becoming an engineer would merely result in constructing buildings But becoming a teacher, I would be able to build a whole new society and can treat the entire spiritual (mystical) ailments prevailing around provide the society the best manpower and produce m both doctors, engineers, bureaucrats, business men and many more, as Alexander once said The world doesnt need any Alexander, but Aristotle. As Alexander cant make any Aristotle but Aristotle can produce many Alexanders. A teacher plays the most constructive role in the society. He changes attitudes, to maintain a congenial environment for the society to flourish. He is the one who makes anonymous reap laurels. Utilizing all his capacities, he makes his pupil continue their journey amidst the endless world of victories. Doing all this, his spiritual ecstasy is at its peak and this is the foremost reason why I aim at becoming a teacher.

Racisim in Sports

Comm 102KEREM MERAL Spring 200720050383 Valerie A. Tas? ran Second Draft racism in Sports In the modernized and global world of today, it is necessary for battalion to get rid of their prejudices and demand to respect differences. Racism should be rejectd from all demesnes of life, including blusters. Sport is meant that bring people from different backgrounds together to compete in equal conditions and provide inter pull throughs among them. No thing which country and ethnicity an athlete is from, once they ar in an international competition, all should have equal rights. The only factor should be their skills and success.However, there are legion(predicate) cases when sportsmen or sportswomen face prejudices because of their ethnicity. There are even quantifys when opportunities for them to choose their profession and become successful are limited because of their festinate. Although it is hard to prove acts of racism in sports, athletes show their reaction by lettin g regimen know about it, or talking to the press about the discrimination they face. The design of sports should be providing equal opportunities for ein truthone and a peaceful atmosphere where people cooperate and compete at the alike time.It should non give unequal rights and opportunities to a group because of their race while disregarding and discriminating another group. In this paper, the aim is to examine the issue of racism in sports and prove that it is in damaging levels for sportsmen that face it. First, historical facts and general information will be given about the effects of discrimination in sports. Then, cases of racism in sports will be analyzed by related examples. Finally, it will be concluded that authorities are not successful in eliminating racism in sports and this damages careers of athletes and imposters who face it.Some of the people who drill up racist movements are sport fans. Club owners assimilate them as a source of income. If they punish th ese fans they will earn less money then before. Because of that they are afraid of punishing them. The sport players and athletes, who face to racism in the sport worlds, lost their interest to sport. Some of them cannot carry this pressure and had to retire earlier. Racism has perpetually been a controversial issue throughout the history. Many arguments have been made on the issue of racism and sport. Jarvie & Reid (1997) focus in their article on the area of sport and racism.They claim that the European intellectual constructions of racism have often been applied in a devastating manner in the field of sport (Jarvie & Reid, 1997, p. 211). In the other words, racism that emerged in Europe is started to appear in the sport fields, too. So, the historical developments on discrimination have also affected sports. Jarvie & Reid (1997) supercharge claim that discussions on racism lead to numerous racist beliefs about sporting skills of people. The early studies on racism between 1920 s and 1960s in America paid attention to discrimination against black people.In South Africa, during 1948, apartheid had emerged. During the time, sport was seen as functionally supportive of and integral to a multi-racial South African rescript in which a plurality of groups competed within the framework of apartheid (Jarvie & Reid, 1997, p. 213). South Africa at that time had to be unfair, racist and ideological at the time because of the external pressures. This political theory regulated involvement in sport. It claimed that although sport has a kind of independence, it included racial segregation and racial discrimination (Jarvie & Reid, 1997, p. 213).Writers in South Africa at that time believed that the racism in sports could be eliminated by external pressures. In 1960s and 1970s other efforts were made to explain race and race relations. One was the work of John Rex, who claimed that race relations caused different groups to be located in social stratification. For exampl e, because of discrimination, blacks were put at the bottom of society. The demonstrations of American athletes in 1968, called Black top executive were a reaction to this. The athletes believed that they were not given the treatment they deserved although they were very successful in Olympics.They said that they were being used and race relations were very bad. (Jarvie & Reid, 1997)When racism was pre displace in society, it was also seen in sports and protests occurred as a result. Jarvie ( 1991 ) claims that the non-racial sport movement in Africa, the Olympic Project for Human Rights, and other protests are examples of the attempts to prevent racism in sports. Finally, it is concluded that during the last century, many efforts were done in order to explain racism and race relations in sports. Racism in sport is in high levels and it results in disadvantage and a barrier for he group of people being subject to it. They are not given the same opportunities of involving in adverti sements or occupying important managerial positions in sports. Lets now introduce or so evident cases of racism in sports from real life stories. First, as Lipman (1988) suggests, there is a hoi polloi of racism going on in sports marketing. When an advertiser wants to use an athlete in a commercial, first they will go to a white athlete. They are afraid of losing some consumers, because some consumers can show a negative reaction when they see a black athlete on a commercial of their supporting brand.Even if they are not completely racist, it doesnt even cross their minds to choose a black athlete. They instinctively go to a white athlete. However, marketers and sports agent refuse to accept that they are being racist and Michael Goldberg -New Yorks National Media Group, the sports-marketing firm that represents gymnast bloody shame Lou Retton- says that to blame an athletes lack of endorsement success on race discrimination is not right. (Lipman, 1988, p. 1) On the other hand, i t is also true that some very successful and famous black athletes are not offered any role in advertisements.Although 8 of 12 best ranked athletes in US are black, only one black athlete Michael Jordan was ranked in highest paid endorsers in Sports Marketing Newsletter. (Lipman, 1988) . This example shows that although not done clearly, there is a prejudice in sports advertisers to choose white athletes and ignore blacks. In most of the commercials white athletes take role instead of black athletes. Commercials owners prefer the white athletes. other real life example on the discrimination in sports is given by Rainbow Forum on Race, Racism in Sports Media (1996).In the forum, it was said that although black athletes are dominant in the sport area, their numbers have declined in managerial and coaching positions in sports since 1980s. For example, it was noted that there were few Blacks in managerial positions in the media. There were only 10 Black sports columnists in all the 160 0 newspapers. Also, although NBA is 80 % black, NFL 67 % and Major League Baseball is 37% Black or Hispanic about 80% of working population in offices in these leagues are white (1996). This shows that whites have an advantage over blacks or Latinos over occupying important positions in sports.Both examples show that because of racism in sports, some groups which are discriminated have a hard time in occupying positions in management or finding the same endorsement opportunities as whites. There are also some cases when racism in sports is so strong that it forces people to change their occupation. As Obley (2006) explain, the story of Oliver Purnell is a good real life example of how racism can affect the careers of sports players. Obley (2006) claims that racism in America forced Purnell down another road (p. 1).Purnell emphasizes that his aim was to play baseball which was almost his favorite sport, but he wasnt allowed to play baseball in Little League during the 70s because of the racial movements against him. Because of this, he started playing basketball and was very successful at it, and after some experiences as player, he took the position of coach. He became the first African-American genius coach hired by Clemson at team Old Dominion. However, although he turned out to be successful in another area, his actual final stage was to play baseball. Obley, 2006) As a result, because of racism in sports, he had to change his area and missed the chance of become a successful baseball player which was his initial purpose. But luckily, he showed his talents in another area, which is basketball. There may also be cases when clever people miss the chance of being recognise because of their races. Thyrone Willingham, a football coach at Stanford emphasized this by saying in our country, not just in athletics, there is a great helping hand of talent we let go unnoticed. You see alent not being derived, not being noticed, not showing what it can do. There ar e a lot of people who could be doing the job I am doing, given the opportunity (as cited in Shrophire, 1996, p. 20) So, it is seen that racism in sports can have important effects on the careers of sports players, Many talented people subject to racism might not be able to show their talents and become a successful sportsman or woman. There are a lot of talented people who couldnt arrive to the success. It is not so easy that a talent arises suddenly and discovers it.Because of that people have to give more importance to these talented people and try to protect them from the racial rages. Although many athletes and other sports players often complain about events of racism, the authorities are not successful in taking action and eliminating discrimination. For example, as Carrington and McDonald (2001) explain, during the National Village Cricket Championship quarter-final in 1996, an Asian team sent an official complaint saying they were racially annoyanced by members of the Caldy team from the Wirral.Although the Cricketer magazine, which organized the competition, reprimanded the Wirral team for sledging but took no action on the racial abuse (Carrington & McDonald, 2001, p. 54) Because of this, black and Asian cricketers believe that authorities dont take racism serious and try to prevent it. The cricketing authorities failed to punish clubs and players which are culpable of racist actions. This way, they actually legitimize such acts. (Carrington & McDonald, 2001). Also, sometimes authorities fail to realize and accept that there is racism.Unable to even accept its existence, they cannot take any action against it. As Dimeo and Finn (2001) explain, despite of clear evidence, there is a continuous rejection of racism in Scottish football. There is a belief that racism is no job here and racism is foreign to Scotland (p. 29). Lipman (1988) also explain that sports agents and marketers fail to accept that institutionalized racism exist in advertising. So, in such cases, being inefficient even to accept the fact of racism, authorities may not take any action towards it.Finally, it is seen that authorities are not successful in attempting to eliminate discrimination from sports and there are a lot more steps to be taken. In the end, it has been shown that there are not always equal opportunities provided for people from different races in sports. There is an important degree of discrimination going on which has negative effects on athletes and other people engaged in areas of sports. Most of the time, this discrimination is recognized, but cannot be proved directly, because these racial movements mostly take place by oral way.Authorities cannot find any printed proof. Because of this discrimination, many talented people are being put in hard conditions for their career. Some of them had to retire earlier, some of them are moving around the country to find an area in which racism doesnt appear. It has been shown that authorities were not able to take action to eliminate racism in sports. They should be more effective in punishing discriminatory acts in sports. To conclude, sports should aim to bring people from different ethnicities together in an environment which is free of biases, prejudices, and acts of racism. I

Original Writing – A Short tale

A fewer miles south of your usual city packed with loud, noisy, busy people lay a small liquidation of friendly folk. It was Spring in the land and in that one rural village the orchards blossomed, birds fair weatherg and the sun did not want to stray from this peaceful green valley. Only one particular person could perk the sound of trickling water at that precise moment, a Master go forth Briscoe. He lay peacefully against one of the white blossom trees. His tatty breeches and white shirt flickered around in the wind. His toenail poking out of a hole in his sock felt light blossom dust against it tenderly touching the surface. He was drifting off into a deep sleep until Ahoy there called a certain gobbler Davis.He stood around 5 foot 5 inches tall with brown, curly sensory copper tied up in a ponytail that was blowing in the breeze. His shirt was a perfect white and had a pendant poking out the top which looked to be a sharp tooth of some kind. His friend who had arrived with him was of the big sort of size, so as to speak. He had what looked to have once been food down the front of his shirt. He had chubby cheeks, and wild black hair. His eyes were a friendly kind of brown and he wore fantastic socks having not been fully awake when dressing that morning. gobbler, Brown, Will replied while nodding at each of them in turn.Brown as he was called was the second, larger and grubbier of the two boys, his actual reboot was Tim, Tim Brown. But his friends felt the name Tim just didnt suit him and with not much brains between the lads Brown seemed like an easy and suitable name. So Brown it was and they had stuck to that name since their first meetings of each other.Will, you got a moment? Tom asked. Theyre wanting hands to military service prepare for the festival tonight, he finished.Sure, Will replied, I was only down here to get out from the house. Brown who was watching the bees fly from flower to flower turned towards Will and asked with a soft tone, care at home again?Nah just the landlord being a jerk thats all.Nothing new then, Tom added.They chuckled on while move back towards town, the trip from town to the orchards was short, which may have been why Will spent so much eon there. Or maybe he just preferred the peace compared to the hustle and bustle of town. As the boys approached the town they could see the outline of another friend of theirs shine Staines, Ray wasnt small but he wasnt really very tall either. He had short blonde hair and to be honest just usually tagged along with the group.Hi Will Hi Tom Hi Brown Ray shouted enthusiastically. Going to help with the festival?Yes, Will replied while dramatis personae quizzical looks at the others.We can all go together right? asked Ray.Sure, Will answered.By the time they had arrived there was only a few hours till the festival begun. They moved over towards the man who seemed to be directing everyone about.Hello there, the man boomed.He was large, balding and his only other distinguishable feature was his outlet nose. His name was Riordan, Captain Riordan when addressed.Sorry lads weve just finished setting up for the evening, so you cant get each discounts for helping to set up, so go home freshen up and spend lots of silver tonight, he said while chuckling to himself.Will, Tom, Brown, and Ray split up.See you later guys Will called while walking home to prepare for the nights festival.

Female Foeticide

Female Foeticide A statutory Analysis In 1988 in that location was an advertisement in the Diwali special progeny of a renowned Marathi cartridge holder1 Amniocentesis is a create perception To mis exp bar it for abortion is a great sin. Better go in for conjure- natural selection Read this book. chew the fat your family doctor for a sure way of begetting sons. Female foeticide is perhaps mavin of the worst forms of violence against women where a charr is denied her most basic and perfect right- the right to life enshrined in Article 21 of Indian Constitution. Elimination of the girl chela by way of selectively eliminating the womanish embryos or fetuses is an age-old phenomenon. It negates the fundamental right to equality guaranteed infra Articles 14 and 15 of our Constitution.The traditional humor of the Indian culture of preferring the boy baby e very send off the girl child combined mastermindh the ultra new-fanglede engineering has further succeeded in boos ting the status conscious Indian families to perpetuate their choice making edge of the girl child ejection in the most sophisticated and easiest way. To top it all, the ethically conscious checkup craft has been able to leave conquer the already imbalanced agitate ratio on to 927 women per g-force men. 2It raises all top dog(prenominal)(predicate) rewards on the interfacing of technology, health and society, of profane of medical technology, of using techno-centric solutions for genial problems, of violation of the principles of medical ethics, of social and demographic implications of more(prenominal) technologies, of the conclusion making processes involving technology, which can pitch far-reaching social marrows, of regulating the medical profession (specially reproductive technology) both internally and externally, of limits to re count and the techno-docs power to play God, of the role and limits of social legislation in tackling social problems of inform ed consent, and patients rights and doctors accountability, of the manageable fall- pop out of the advent of current Reproductive Technologies (NRTs) from Sex Pre-Selection Techniques (SPSTs) to non-coital reproduction through IVF- ET or GIFF, surrogate m former(a)hood to ancestral engineering of decision-making process in family and society and womens role (or lack of it) in them. All these interrelated issues entail something to all our lives as it de charmings the way we see our past, present and future.Traditionally the patricentric families got rid of the unwished-for child either by way of poisoning the pertly-born baby or let her coke on vanquish or simply by crushing her skull at a lower place a charpoy. Since modern medical psychometric tests have rag it easier to determine the bring up of the child hitherto earlier the birth of the unwanted child, the number has wholly shot instead of decreasing. In nonpareil hospital, a excogitate showed that out of 8,000 abortions performed, 7,999 were effeminate foetuses. 3 Hence, the governance was strained to pass the Pre Natal Diagnostic ( prevention) bet, 1994 in response to the increasing number of abortions performed on women training female foetuses. 4 Thus, Indias officials taboo couples from using technical means to determine the brace of a foetus. 5 Although Indias parliament passed the legislation in 1994, it could non become police until all state legislatures ap read it. 6 The law in the end took effect on January 1, 1996. The 1994 bend is both prohibitive and regulatory. Prohibitive According to the exemplify the use of pre-natal proficiencys for the purposes of grammatical gender determination ar prohibited. 7 The work out prohibits every somebody brooking prenatal symptomatic procedure from communicating to the significant women concerned or her relatives the excite of the foetus by words, signs or in every other manner. 8 The doing prohibits both Genetic a dvocate centre, Genetic Laboratory and Genetic Clinic to conduct activities relating to pre-natal diagnostic technique unless it is registered at a lower place the comprise or to engagement allone who does not possess the prescribed qualifications. The medical practitioners ar prohibited to conduct such techniques at all place, which is not registered under the coiffe. Regulatory The deport provides for the order of pre-natal diagnostic techniques. antenatal diagnostic techniques whitethorn be used to detect genetic or metabolic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities or original connatural malformations or arouse-linked disorders. Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques may be employed only under stipulate corresponds by registered institutions9O The tests can only be carried out on women who be either over the age of thirty-tail fin or O Have had ii or more miscarriages or O Who have been exposed to radiation, infection, chemicals or drugs which be harmful to the foetu s or O The gravid woman has a family history of mental retardation or physical deformities such as spasticity or either other genetic disease or O each other condition as may be specified by the telephone exchange supervisory senesce. It is very important to note that the portrayal permits use of such techniques provided the medical practitioner has explained all the cognise side and later on(prenominal)(prenominal)ward effects of such techniques to the heavy(predicate) woman and more importantly, has obtained her written consent in the language she understands. 10 Persons operative in the clinics, as hale as women and their families who use the clinics or are liable for fines and durance for violating the Act. 11 The Act provides for the construction of a Central supervisory Board herein after CSB, which shall be established to advise the governing body on policy egresss relating to pre-natal diagnostic techniques to review the implementation of the Act and its ru les and to recommend changes in the Act and its rules. 12 The CSB has been assign a very important function of spreading mankind awareness against the practice of pre-natal determination of shake and foeticide. The CSB shall meet at least(prenominal) twice a year to review the functioning of the Act and make recommendations for its better implementation. 13An Appropriate permit shall be appointed in takes and total Territories and regions wherein the fountainities are sceptred14 O To grant, suspend or cancel the registration of genetic counselling centres, laboratories and clinics and O Also to examine complaints regarding breach of the cookings of the Act or the rules. The Act lays exhausthearted forbiddance on the issuance of advertisements15 relating to pre-natal sex determination by any psyche, organisation or institutional and provides that any contravention/Violations of the self equal(prenominal) impart entitle the offender a punishment of 3 years imprisonmen t and/ or Rs. 10,000/- fine for the stolon charge, this increasing to Rs. 50,000/- fine and 5 years imprisonment for a second charge. 16 But in that location are various loopholes in the Act, which has do it a failure to a great extent thus allow the demons of female foeticide/infanticide survive and tucketHence, the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Amendment Act, 2002 was passed to plug the loopholes. THE PRE-NATAL DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES (REGULATION AND PREVENTION OF MISUSE) AMENDMENT ACT, 2002 Objectives of the New Act The practices relating to female foeticide and techniques connected with the same are considered discriminatory to the female sex and not conducive to the high-handedness of the women. The proliferation of the technologies mentioned above may, in future, precipitant a catastrophe, in the form of severe imbalance in male-female ratio. The State is also duty forswear to intervene in such matters to pertain the welfare of the society, especially of the women and children.Therefore, the government felt the necessary to consecrate and implement in letter and spirit a legislation to censor the pre-conception sex selection techniques and the maltreatment of pre-natal diagnostic techniques for sex-selective abortions and to provide for the regulation of such abortions. Such a law is also needed to uphold medical ethics and initiate the process of regulation of medical technology in the larger interests of the society. Accordingly, it is proposed by the government to amend the aforesaid Act with a view to forbiddance the use of both sex selection techniques prior to conception as well as the misuse of pre-natal diagnostic techniques for sex selective abortions and to regulate such techniques with a view to ensuring their scientific use for which they are intended.The Amendment Act, 2002 seeks to achieve the aforesaid objects. Highlights of the New Act 1. The Act provides for the prohibition and regulation of SD techniques originally or after conception. 17 2. For the words and brackets the Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse), the words and brackets the Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques ( bulwark of Sex Selection) shall be substituted. 18 This lays a lot of dialect on the issue of female foeticide in particular. 3. Definitions of conceptus, embryo and foetus have been laid down specifically, which helps in determining the stick and stage of use of PNDT. 19 4. The Explanations added to Sec. (ii) in clause (d), (e) and (g) have enlarged the area of the Act to include even the portable PNDT equipment/ instrumentry. 20 5. Qualifications of a genetic has been upgraded. 21 6. Amendment of element 17 of the principal Act reads as follows (e) to catch take into account legal action against the use of any sex selection technique by any individual at any place, suo motu or brought to its notice and also to initiate self-sustaining inv estigations in such matter This provision has given extra scope to the governing for the utilisation of the powers to gratify their duties. 7. Insertion of new fraction 17A. -After piece 17 of the principal Act, the pursuit division is proposed to be inserted, that is to say 17A. Powers of Appropriate Authorities. The Appropriate representation shall have the powers in respect of the interest matters, viz. (a) summoning of any person who is in willpower of any information relating to violation of the eatable of this Act or the rules do at that placeunder (b) production of any document or material object relating to clause (a) (c) issuing search warrant for any place suspected to be indulging in sex selection techniques or pre-natal sex determination and (d) any other matter which may be prescribed. . This provision is very much in tune with the target of contribution 17 (e). 8. Provision with regard to the advertisements has been made more stringent. 22 9. Definitely , the strongest provision of the Bill is the new air division 24, which if brought to effect shall wipe all doubts with regard to the application of penal nutrition to women undergoing the PNDT tests. The rovisions has rightly identified the problems of women in the efforts of PNDT as in most cases, women are forced to go for these test or to forgo their marital lives their homes, even their lives. 23 Drawbacks of the new Act I. Amendment of parting 3. -In subdivision 3 of the principal Act, for clause (2), the pas m clause shall be substituted, videlicet (2) No Genetic commission Centre or Genetic Laboratory or Genetic Clinic shall employ or cause to be employed or take services of any person, whether on honorary basis or on payment who does not possess the qualifications as may be prescribed. The region is negatively worded which gives a scope for the people specifically excluded in the provisions to take advantage of the loophole.Instead, if the provision was positivel y worded in the sense that it lad down as to who is eligible to carry the PNDT under the circumstances specified under the Act, it would have restrained anyone who is other not specifically empower to conduct such tests. II. incision 3B Prohibition on sales agreement of sonography railcar, etc. , to persons, laboratories, clinics, etc. , not registered under the Act. No person shall sell any ultrasound shape or imaging machine or scanner or any other equipment capable of espial sex of foetus to any Genetic Counselling Centre, Genetic Laboratory, Genetic Clinic or any other person not registered under the Act. Though this is a strongly worded Section, which aims at curbing the clandestine sale of the PNDT equipments, it suffers from a major drawback. The Act or he Section does to talk about the manu accompanimenturing of these equipments because since manufacturing is the first graduation towards the inkiness-marketing and other misuses. As such, there have to be specific guidelines as to the manufacturing. The manufacturing license should be issued only to the Governmental Institutions so that the observe becomes so much easier because of the control that he Government can physical exercise over these institutions. Also very closely linked to above point is the licensing function. If licenses for prenatal diagnosis were allow only to government institutions, the line of work of vigilance would be further simplified.The ban on misuse of techniques for SD compel upon government institutions has not been violated for the past 15 years. Also there is no provision to the effect that the registration of the portable PNDT machinery/equipments are also registered. III. Amendment of ingredient 4. -In section 4 of the principal Act, for clauses (3) and (4), the following clauses shall be substituted, namely (3) No pre-natal diagnostic techniques shall be used or conducted unless the person qualified to do so is satisfied for reasons to be recorded in w riting that any of the following conditions are fulfilled, namely The provisions of this section major facie seem like a sizeable provision but are a toothless one.The issue is that though citing a reason which satisfies the condition precedent laid down in the Act before the PNDT tests are conducted, the provisions misses out a crucial point. It does not designate for the production of the documents to prove that the condition in fact, is satisfied and is very much in spirit wit the object of the Act. Also should be included in this provision the requirement t record al these documentary proof which shall be made getable for verification by the CSB/SSB, etc. IV. Section 13 sub clause (vi) Any other condition as may be specified by the Board This provision gives a lot of discretionary powers to the Boards, which have to be curtailed in the form of the guidelines. V. Amendment of section 5. In section 5 of the principal Act, for sub-section (2), the following sub-section shall b e substituted, namely (2) No person including the person conducting pre-natal diagnostic procedures shall communicate to the pregnant woman concerned or her relatives or any other person the sex of the foetus by words, signs, or in any other manner. This provision has practical difficulties in scathe of implementation. It is suggested by the author that a kind of code system be adopted whereby the tests which have satisfied the conditions of the Act be given a code number and sent for testing in a place which is empower to conduct he tests for a particular area or region.This is to watch that there exists no immediately links between the family concerned and the medical practitioner who can pass on the sex of the foetus, which might forego to the death of the foetus in case it turns out to be a female. This is because though the provisions exclude the practitioner from conveying in any manner whatsoever, the proof that the same has not been conveyed cannot be assured. VI. s elf-loading suspension/cancellation from the Registry of medical examination Practitioners of the name of doctors found guilty by the court without referring the matter to the Medical Council. VII. Insertion of new section 16A. -After section 16 of the principal Act, the following section shall be inserted, namely 16A. Constitution of State Supervisory Board and Union territory Supervisory Board. (1) Each State and Union territory having Legislature shall constitute a Board to be known as the State Supervisory Board or the Union territory Supervisory Board, as the case may be, which shall have the following functions (10) In respect of matters not specified in this section, the State Board shall follow procedures and conditions as are applicable to the Board. There are no rules and regulations with regard to the powers of the Boards as to in what way the powers have to be synchronised to fulfil their duties and function as specified in the Act. Also, this Section suffers from a se rious defect. That is the Section has adopted a very top-down advent, which has been time and again proved to be ineffective and fruitless. Therefore, the approach should have bee a grass-root eve approach. This is even more applicable n the cases of PNDT because of the Act that a good chunk of cases are from cracker-barrel areas which are very difficult to monitor and control.A Panchayat level machinery working hand in hand with local rural institutions like the Anganwadis and the school would be an musical theme way to tackle and combat the problem of PNDT. VIII. Also the Act has certain vague and ambiguous terms and expressions like eminent which are very problematic as to how they should be interpreted and put to use. IX. penal with imprisonment for a term, which may extend to three years and with fine which may extend to fifty dollar bill thousand rupees for the first offence and for any subsequent offence with imprisonment which may extend to five years and with fine whic h may extend to one lakh rupees. The acclivity in the fines though would be applicable to the urban areas, its a absolute letter of black and white on the melodic theme when it comes to the rural areas.The rural people who, more often than not are extremely poor, are in no position to pay those high fines, which makes the provisions a supernumerary provisions. Instead, thee ha to be a mechanism whereby these people can be sensitized to the problems associated with the girl child. It is the faithful belief of the author that public awareness is a much better and powerful tool than mere fines, especially with regard to the rural poor. X. A major hurdle in the endeavor to prohibit sex determination and regulation of PNDT techniques is that there is no proper duty laid upon any of he authorities in the Act. There is no penalty attached for non performance of the duties- commission or omission- cast upon the authorities. specially in the light of the fact that so far the CSB have n ever met regularly as per the provisions of the Act. XI. The Financial Memorandum stick on to the Bill with regard to the expenses falling under Section 16 A of the Act has no regulation with regard to transparency, accountability, and regulatory body. This is very problematic and might just prove to be plunders paradise. 2 . 1 See, http//www. evesindia. com/health/features/reprod_health. html, visited on 10/10/02. 3 . 2 Id.. 4 . 3In one hospital, a study showed that out of 8,000 abortions performed, 7,999 were female foetuses.See Shailaja Bajpai, Indias Lost Women, World Press Rev. , Apr. 1991, at 49. Also see, Vidya Deshpande, Where have all the girls gone? , http//www. indianexpress. com/fe/daily/19991202/faf28033. html, visited 24/12/02. 5 . 4John F. Burns, India Fights abortion of Female Foetuses, N. Y. Times, Aug. 27, 1994, at 5, available in LEXIS, News Library, Curnws File. 6 . 5Demographers pointing to such numbers have at last forced governments to take no tice. Thus, Indias officials verboten couples from using technical means to determine the sex of a foetus. The Sexes disappear Girls In China, India and South Korea, A Gender Gap Causes Worries, Asiaweek, Mar. 3, 1995, at 32 7 . 6See India Bans Abortions of Female Fetuses another(prenominal) Move to Help protect Baby Girls, Chi. Trib. , Jan. 10, 1996, at 13, available in LEXIS, World Library, Allwld File. 8 . 7 Section 3. 9 . 8 Section 4(4) 10 . 9 Section 4 11 . 10 Section 5(1)(c) 12 . 11 See section 24. Common response to the Act has been If I do get arrested, Ill spend a couple of months in prison, but whats that compared to a liveliness of misery trying to bring up a girl? 13 . 12 Section 17 14 . 13 Section 18 15 . 14 Sections 20-21 16 . 15 Section 22 17 . 16 Section 23 18 . 17 The long title of the Bill that is proposed to substituted the present long title reads as follows An Act to provide for the prohibition of sex selection, before or after con ception, and for regulation of pre-natal diagnostic techniques for the purposes of catching genetic abnormalities or metabolic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities or certain congenital malformations or sex-linked disorders and for the prevention of their misuse for sex determination leading to female foeticide and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. 19 . 18 Amendment of section 1 of the Act. 20 . 19 4. Amendment of section 2. In section 2 of the principal Act, (i) after clause (b), the following clauses shall be inserted, namely (ba) conceptus means any product of conception at any stage of organic evolution from fertilisation until birth including extra embryonic membranes as well as the embryo or foetus (bb) embryo means a developing human organism after fertilisation till the end of eight weeks (fifty-six days) (bc) foetus means a human organism during the design of its development beginning on the fifty-seventh day following fertilisation or crea tion (excluding any time in which its development has been suspended) and windup at the birth 21 . 20 Explanation. For the purposes of this clause, Genetic Clinic includes a vehicle, where ultrasound machine or imaging machine or scanner or other equipment capable of determining sex of the foetus or a portable equipment which has the potential for detection of sex during pregnancy or selection of sex before conception, is used. 22 . 21 (g) medical geneticist includes a person who possesses a degree or parchment in genetic science in the fields of sex selection and pre-natal diagnostic techniques or has vex of not less than two years in any of these fields after obtaining (i) any one of the medical qualifications recognised under the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956 (102 of 1956) or (ii) a post-graduate degree in biologic sciences. 23 . 22 re-sentencing of new section for section 22. -For section 22 of the principal Act, the following section shall be substituted, na mely 22. Prohibition of advertisement relating to pre-conception and pre-natal determination of sex and punishment for contravention. (1) No person, organisation, Genetic Counselling Centre, Genetic Laboratory or Genetic Clinic, including clinic, laboratory or centre having ultrasound machine or imaging machine or scanner or any other technology capable of projection determination of sex of foetus or sex selection shall issue, publish, distribute, communicate or cause to be issued, published, distributed or communicated any advertisement, in any form, including internet, regarding facilities of pre-natal determination of sex or sex selection before conception available at such centre, laboratory, clinic or at any other place. See also, Substitution of new section for section 16. 24 . 23 Substitution of new section for section 24. For section 24 of the principal Act, the following section shall be substituted, namely 24. Presumption in the case of conduct of pre-natal diagnosti c techniques. -Notwithstanding anything contained in the Indian present Act, 1872, the court shall presume unless the contrary is proved that the pregnant woman was compelled by her husband or any other relative, as the case may be, to undergo pre-natal diagnostic technique for the purposes other than those specified in sub-section (2) of section 4 and such person shall be liable for temporary removal of offence under sub-section (3) of section 23 and shall be punishable for the offence specified under that section. Female FoeticideFemale Foeticide A legal Analysis In 1988 there was an advertisement in the Diwali special number of a renowned Marathi magazine1 Amniocentesis is a developed science To misuse it for abortion is a great sin. Better go in for sex-selection Read this book. Consult your family doctor for a sure way of begetting sons. Female foeticide is perhaps one of the worst forms of violence against women where a woman is denied her most basic and fundamental right- the right to life enshrined in Article 21 of Indian Constitution. Elimination of the girl child by way of selectively eliminating the female embryos or foetuses is an age-old phenomenon. It negates the fundamental right to equality guaranteed under Articles 14 and 15 of our Constitution.The traditional mentality of the Indian culture of preferring the boy baby over the girl child combined with the ultra modern technology has only succeeded in boosting the status conscious Indian families to perpetuate their choice making process of the girl child elimination in the most sophisticated and easiest way. To top it all, the ethically conscious medical profession has been able to bring down the already imbalanced sex ratio on to 927 women per 1000 men. 2It raises important issues on the interfacing of technology, health and society, of misuse of medical technology, of using techno-centric solutions for social problems, of violation of the principles of medical ethics, of social and demogr aphic implications of such technologies, of the decision making processes involving technology, which can have far-reaching social effects, of regulating the medical profession (specially reproductive technology) both internally and externally, of limits to research and the techno-docs power to play God, of the role and limits of social legislation in tackling social problems of informed consent, and patients rights and doctors accountability, of the possible fall-out of the advent of New Reproductive Technologies (NRTs) from Sex Pre-Selection Techniques (SPSTs) to non-coital reproduction through IVF- ET or GIFF, surrogate motherhood to genetic engineering of decision-making process in family and society and womens role (or lack of it) in them. All these interrelated issues mean something to all our lives as it defines the way we see our past, present and future.Traditionally the patriarchal families got rid of the unwanted child either by way of poisoning the new-born baby or letti ng her coke on husk or simply by crushing her skull under a charpoy. Since modern medical tests have made it easier to determine the sex of the child even before the birth of the unwanted child, the number has only shot instead of decreasing. In one hospital, a study showed that out of 8,000 abortions performed, 7,999 were female foetuses. 3 Hence, the government was forced to pass the Pre Natal Diagnostic (Prevention) Act, 1994 in response to the increasing number of abortions performed on women carrying female foetuses. 4 Thus, Indias officials banned couples from using technical means to determine the sex of a foetus. 5 Although Indias Parliament passed the legislation in 1994, it could not become law until all state legislatures approved it. 6 The law finally took effect on January 1, 1996. The 1994 Act is both prohibitive and regulatory. Prohibitive According to the Act the use of pre-natal techniques for the purposes of sex determination are prohibited. 7 The Act prohibits any person conducting prenatal diagnostic procedure from communicating to the pregnant women concerned or her relatives the sex of the foetus by words, signs or in any other manner. 8 The Act prohibits any Genetic Counselling centre, Genetic Laboratory and Genetic Clinic to conduct activities relating to pre-natal diagnostic technique unless it is registered under the Act or to employ anyone who does not possess the prescribed qualifications. The medical practitioners are prohibited to conduct such techniques at any place, which is not registered under the Act. Regulatory The Act provides for the regulation of pre-natal diagnostic techniques. Prenatal diagnostic techniques may be used to detect genetic or metabolic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities or certain congenital malformations or sex-linked disorders. Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques may be employed only under specified conditions by registered institutions9O The tests can only be carried out on women who are either over the age of thirty-five or O Have had two or more miscarriages or O Who have been exposed to radiation, infection, chemicals or drugs which are harmful to the foetus or O The pregnant woman has a family history of mental retardation or physical deformities such as spasticity or any other genetic disease or O Any other condition as may be specified by the Central Supervisory Board. It is very important to note that the Act permits use of such techniques provided the medical practitioner has explained all the known side and after effects of such techniques to the pregnant woman and more importantly, has obtained her written consent in the language she understands. 10 Persons working in the clinics, as well as women and their families who use the clinics or are liable for fines and imprisonment for violating the Act. 11 The Act provides for the construction of a Central Supervisory Board herein after CSB, which shall be established to advise the government on policy matters relating to pre- natal diagnostic techniques to review the implementation of the Act and its rules and to recommend changes in the Act and its rules. 12 The CSB has been assigned a very important function of spreading public awareness against the practice of pre-natal determination of sex and foeticide. The CSB shall meet at least twice a year to review the functioning of the Act and make recommendations for its better implementation. 13An Appropriate Authority shall be appointed in States and Union Territories and regions wherein the authorities are empowered14 O To grant, suspend or cancel the registration of genetic counselling centres, laboratories and clinics and O Also to investigate complaints regarding breach of the provisions of the Act or the rules. The Act lays down prohibition on the issuance of advertisements15 relating to pre-natal sex determination by any person, organisation or institutional and provides that any contravention/Violations of the same will entitle the offender a punish ment of 3 years imprisonment and/ or Rs. 10,000/- fine for the first charge, this increasing to Rs. 50,000/- fine and 5 years imprisonment for a second charge. 16 But there are various loopholes in the Act, which has made it a failure to a great extent thus letting the demons of female foeticide/infanticide survive and flourishHence, the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Amendment Act, 2002 was passed to plug the loopholes. THE PRE-NATAL DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES (REGULATION AND PREVENTION OF MISUSE) AMENDMENT ACT, 2002 Objectives of the New Act The practices relating to female foeticide and techniques connected with the same are considered discriminatory to the female sex and not conducive to the dignity of the women. The proliferation of the technologies mentioned above may, in future, precipitate a catastrophe, in the form of severe imbalance in male-female ratio. The State is also duty bound to intervene in such matters to uphold the welfare of th e society, especially of the women and children.Therefore, the government felt the necessary to enact and implement in letter and spirit a legislation to ban the pre-conception sex selection techniques and the misuse of pre-natal diagnostic techniques for sex-selective abortions and to provide for the regulation of such abortions. Such a law is also needed to uphold medical ethics and initiate the process of regulation of medical technology in the larger interests of the society. Accordingly, it is proposed by the government to amend the aforesaid Act with a view to banning the use of both sex selection techniques prior to conception as well as the misuse of pre-natal diagnostic techniques for sex selective abortions and to regulate such techniques with a view to ensuring their scientific use for which they are intended.The Amendment Act, 2002 seeks to achieve the aforesaid objects. Highlights of the New Act 1. The Act provides for the prohibition and regulation of SD techniques bef ore or after conception. 17 2. For the words and brackets the Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse), the words and brackets the Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) shall be substituted. 18 This lays a lot of emphasis on the issue of female foeticide in particular. 3. Definitions of conceptus, embryo and foetus have been laid down specifically, which helps in determining the cause and stage of use of PNDT. 19 4. The Explanations added to Sec. (ii) in clause (d), (e) and (g) have enlarged the scope of the Act to include even the portable PNDT equipment/machinery. 20 5. Qualifications of a genetic has been upgraded. 21 6. Amendment of section 17 of the principal Act reads as follows (e) to take appropriate legal action against the use of any sex selection technique by any person at any place, suo motu or brought to its notice and also to initiate independent investigations in such matter This provision has gi ven extra scope to the authorities for the utilisation of the powers to fulfil their duties. 7. Insertion of new section 17A. -After section 17 of the principal Act, the following section is proposed to be inserted, namely 17A. Powers of Appropriate Authorities. The Appropriate Authority shall have the powers in respect of the following matters, namely (a) summoning of any person who is in possession of any information relating to violation of the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder (b) production of any document or material object relating to clause (a) (c) issuing search warrant for any place suspected to be indulging in sex selection techniques or pre-natal sex determination and (d) any other matter which may be prescribed. . This provision is very much in tune with the objective of Section 17 (e). 8. Provision with regard to the advertisements has been made more stringent. 22 9. Definitely, the strongest provision of the Bill is the new section 24, which if broug ht to effect shall wipe all doubts with regard to the application of penal provisions to women undergoing the PNDT tests. The rovisions has rightly identified the problems of women in the cases of PNDT as in most cases, women are forced to go for these test or to forgo their marital lives their homes, even their lives. 23 Drawbacks of the new Act I. Amendment of section 3. -In section 3 of the principal Act, for clause (2), the following clause shall be substituted, namely (2) No Genetic Counselling Centre or Genetic Laboratory or Genetic Clinic shall employ or cause to be employed or take services of any person, whether on honorary basis or on payment who does not possess the qualifications as may be prescribed. The Section is negatively worded which gives a scope for the people specifically excluded in the provisions to take advantage of the loophole.Instead, if the provision was positively worded in the sense that it lad down as to who is eligible to carry the PNDT under the cir cumstances specified under the Act, it would have restrained anyone who is otherwise not specifically authorised to conduct such tests. II. Section 3B Prohibition on sale of ultrasound machine, etc. , to persons, laboratories, clinics, etc. , not registered under the Act. No person shall sell any ultrasound machine or imaging machine or scanner or any other equipment capable of detecting sex of foetus to any Genetic Counselling Centre, Genetic Laboratory, Genetic Clinic or any other person not registered under the Act. Though this is a strongly worded Section, which aims at curbing the clandestine sale of the PNDT equipments, it suffers from a major drawback. The Act or he Section does to talk about the manufacturing of these equipments because since manufacturing is the first step towards the black-marketing and other misuses. As such, there have to be specific guidelines as to the manufacturing. The manufacturing license should be issued only to the Governmental Institutions so t hat the monitoring becomes so much easier because of the control that he Government can exercise over these institutions. Also very closely linked to above point is the licensing function. If licenses for prenatal diagnosis were granted only to government institutions, the task of vigilance would be further simplified.The ban on misuse of techniques for SD imposed upon government institutions has not been violated for the past 15 years. Also there is no provision to the effect that the registration of the portable PNDT machinery/equipments are also registered. III. Amendment of section 4. -In section 4 of the principal Act, for clauses (3) and (4), the following clauses shall be substituted, namely (3) No pre-natal diagnostic techniques shall be used or conducted unless the person qualified to do so is satisfied for reasons to be recorded in writing that any of the following conditions are fulfilled, namely The provisions of this section prima facie seem like a good provision but ar e a toothless one.The issue is that though citing a reason which satisfies the condition precedent laid down in the Act before the PNDT tests are conducted, the provisions misses out a crucial point. It does not mandate for the production of the documents to prove that the condition in fact, is satisfied and is very much in spirit wit the object of the Act. Also should be included in this provision the requirement t record al these documentary proof which shall be made available for verification by the CSB/SSB, etc. IV. Section 13 sub clause (vi) Any other condition as may be specified by the Board This provision gives a lot of discretionary powers to the Boards, which have to be curtailed in the form of the guidelines. V. Amendment of section 5. In section 5 of the principal Act, for sub-section (2), the following sub-section shall be substituted, namely (2) No person including the person conducting pre-natal diagnostic procedures shall communicate to the pregnant woman concerned o r her relatives or any other person the sex of the foetus by words, signs, or in any other manner. This provision has practical difficulties in terms of implementation. It is suggested by the author that a kind of code system be adopted whereby the tests which have satisfied the conditions of the Act be given a code number and sent for testing in a place which is authorised to conduct he tests for a particular area or region.This is to ensure that there exists no direct links between the family concerned and the medical practitioner who can convey the sex of the foetus, which might lead to the death of the foetus in case it turns out to be a female. This is because though the provisions bar the practitioner from conveying in any manner whatsoever, the proof that the same has not been conveyed cannot be assured. VI. Automatic suspension/cancellation from the Registry of Medical Practitioners of the name of doctors found guilty by the court without referring the matter to the Medical Council. VII. Insertion of new section 16A. -After section 16 of the principal Act, the following section shall be inserted, namely 16A. Constitution of State Supervisory Board and Union territory Supervisory Board. (1) Each State and Union territory having Legislature shall constitute a Board to be known as the State Supervisory Board or the Union territory Supervisory Board, as the case may be, which shall have the following functions (10) In respect of matters not specified in this section, the State Board shall follow procedures and conditions as are applicable to the Board. There are no rules and regulations with regard to the powers of the Boards as to in what way the powers have to be synchronised to fulfil their duties and function as specified in the Act. Also, this Section suffers from a serious defect. That is the Section has adopted a very top-down approach, which has been time and again proved to be ineffective and fruitless. Therefore, the approach should have bee a grass-root eve approach. This is even more applicable n the cases of PNDT because of the Act that a good chunk of cases are from rural areas which are very difficult to monitor and control.A Panchayat level machinery working hand in hand with local rural institutions like the Anganwadis and the school would be an idea way to tackle and combat the problem of PNDT. VIII. Also the Act has certain vague and ambiguous terms and expressions like eminent which are very problematic as to how they should be interpreted and put to use. IX. Punishable with imprisonment for a term, which may extend to three years and with fine which may extend to fifty thousand rupees for the first offence and for any subsequent offence with imprisonment which may extend to five years and with fine which may extend to one lakh rupees. The hike in the fines though would be applicable to the urban areas, its a mere letter of black and white on the paper when it comes to the rural areas.The rural people who, more often than not are extremely poor, are in no position to pay those high fines, which makes the provisions a redundant provisions. Instead, thee ha to be a mechanism whereby these people can be sensitized to the problems associated with the girl child. It is the firm belief of the author that public awareness is a much better and powerful tool than mere fines, especially with regard to the rural poor. X. A major hurdle in the endeavor to prohibit sex determination and regulation of PNDT techniques is that there is no proper duty laid upon any of he authorities in the Act. There is no penalty attached for non performance of the duties- commission or omission- cast upon the authorities. Especially in the light of the fact that so far the CSB have never met regularly as per the provisions of the Act. XI. The Financial Memorandum affixed to the Bill with regard to the expenses falling under Section 16 A of the Act has no regulation with regard to transparency, accountability, and regulat ory body. This is very problematic and might just prove to be plunders paradise. 2 . 1 See, http//www. evesindia. com/health/features/reprod_health. html, visited on 10/10/02. 3 . 2 Id.. 4 . 3In one hospital, a study showed that out of 8,000 abortions performed, 7,999 were female foetuses.See Shailaja Bajpai, Indias Lost Women, World Press Rev. , Apr. 1991, at 49. Also see, Vidya Deshpande, Where have all the girls gone? , http//www. indianexpress. com/fe/daily/19991202/faf28033. html, visited 24/12/02. 5 . 4John F. Burns, India Fights Abortion of Female Foetuses, N. Y. Times, Aug. 27, 1994, at 5, available in LEXIS, News Library, Curnws File. 6 . 5Demographers pointing to such numbers have finally forced governments to take notice. Thus, Indias officials banned couples from using technical means to determine the sex of a foetus. The Sexes Disappearing Girls In China, India and South Korea, A Gender Gap Causes Worries, Asiaweek, Mar. 3, 1995, at 32 7 . 6See India Ban s Abortions of Female Fetuses Another Move to Help Protect Baby Girls, Chi. Trib. , Jan. 10, 1996, at 13, available in LEXIS, World Library, Allwld File. 8 . 7 Section 3. 9 . 8 Section 4(4) 10 . 9 Section 4 11 . 10 Section 5(1)(c) 12 . 11 See section 24. Common response to the Act has been If I do get arrested, Ill spend a couple of months in prison, but whats that compared to a lifetime of misery trying to bring up a girl? 13 . 12 Section 17 14 . 13 Section 18 15 . 14 Sections 20-21 16 . 15 Section 22 17 . 16 Section 23 18 . 17 The long title of the Bill that is proposed to substituted the present long title reads as follows An Act to provide for the prohibition of sex selection, before or after conception, and for regulation of pre-natal diagnostic techniques for the purposes of detecting genetic abnormalities or metabolic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities or certain congenital malformations or sex-linked disorders and for the prevention of their misu se for sex determination leading to female foeticide and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. 19 . 18 Amendment of section 1 of the Act. 20 . 19 4. Amendment of section 2. In section 2 of the principal Act, (i) after clause (b), the following clauses shall be inserted, namely (ba) conceptus means any product of conception at any stage of development from fertilisation until birth including extra embryonic membranes as well as the embryo or foetus (bb) embryo means a developing human organism after fertilisation till the end of eight weeks (fifty-six days) (bc) foetus means a human organism during the period of its development beginning on the fifty-seventh day following fertilisation or creation (excluding any time in which its development has been suspended) and ending at the birth 21 . 20 Explanation. For the purposes of this clause, Genetic Clinic includes a vehicle, where ultrasound machine or imaging machine or scanner or other equipment capable of determining sex of the foetus or a portable equipment which has the potential for detection of sex during pregnancy or selection of sex before conception, is used. 22 . 21 (g) medical geneticist includes a person who possesses a degree or diploma in genetic science in the fields of sex selection and pre-natal diagnostic techniques or has experience of not less than two years in any of these fields after obtaining (i) any one of the medical qualifications recognised under the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956 (102 of 1956) or (ii) a post-graduate degree in biological sciences. 23 . 22 Substitution of new section for section 22. -For section 22 of the principal Act, the following section shall be substituted, namely 22. Prohibition of advertisement relating to pre-conception and pre-natal determination of sex and punishment for contravention. (1) No person, organisation, Genetic Counselling Centre, Genetic Laboratory or Genetic Clinic, including clinic, laboratory or centre hav ing ultrasound machine or imaging machine or scanner or any other technology capable of undertaking determination of sex of foetus or sex selection shall issue, publish, distribute, communicate or cause to be issued, published, distributed or communicated any advertisement, in any form, including internet, regarding facilities of pre-natal determination of sex or sex selection before conception available at such centre, laboratory, clinic or at any other place. See also, Substitution of new section for section 16. 24 . 23 Substitution of new section for section 24. For section 24 of the principal Act, the following section shall be substituted, namely 24. Presumption in the case of conduct of pre-natal diagnostic techniques. -Notwithstanding anything contained in the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, the court shall presume unless the contrary is proved that the pregnant woman was compelled by her husband or any other relative, as the case may be, to undergo pre-natal diagnostic techn ique for the purposes other than those specified in sub-section (2) of section 4 and such person shall be liable for abatement of offence under sub-section (3) of section 23 and shall be punishable for the offence specified under that section.